Photometry and physical characterization of near-Earth asteroid 2025 FA$_{22}$ from one apparition

Original Abstract

We present comprehensive photometric characterisation of 2025 FA$_{22}$, a Potentially Hazardous Asteroid (PHA) discovered on 29 March 2025 and observed during the seventh International Asteroid Warning Network (IAWN) coordinated campaign. The asteroid's close approach at 2 lunar distances on 18 September 2025 provided an opportunity for rapid physical characterisation in a simulated virtual impactor scenario. Photometric observations were conducted from 17 September to 1 October 2025, during which 2025 FA$_{22}$ traversed a $150^{\circ}$ arc and spanned solar phase angles from $\sim20^{\circ}$ to $\sim70^{\circ}$. This geometry enabled detailed physical characterisation, including determination of the spin axis and shape. Convex inversion yields a sidereal rotation period of $P_{\mathrm{sid}} = 13.07366 \pm 0.00076$ h and a spin axis at ecliptic coordinates $(λ, β) = (246^{\circ} \pm 9^{\circ}, 60^{\circ} \pm 9^{\circ})$. The absolute magnitude was derived as $H_{\mathrm{V}} = 21.39^{+0.07}_{-0.08}$ mag ($G_1 = 0.8228$, $G_2 = 0.0194$), with colour indices $B-V = 0.71 \pm 0.05$ mag, $V-R = 0.39 \pm 0.03$ mag, and $R-I = 0.39 \pm 0.04$ mag, consistent with X-complex classification in the Bus--DeMeo taxonomy. Assuming a geometric albedo of $p_v = 0.15^{+0.05}_{-0.04}$, representative of the moderate-albedo X-complex asteroids, we estimate $D_{\mathrm{eff}} = 181^{+31}_{-25}$ m, consistent with "China Compound Eye" radar dimensions of ${\sim}100 \times 320$ m ($D_{\mathrm{eff}} \sim 186$ m), which also reveal a contact-binary morphology consistent with the axis ratios $a:b:c \sim 2.68:1.96:1.00$ derived from our photometric shape model. The bilobate morphology is consistent with YORP-driven spin-up and deformation during a previous YORP cycle, with the current slow rotation possibly explained by internal reconfiguration or tidal braking during close Earth encounters.